..,.. Blood 39 � Additional activity (weaker student.<) Play lht> f!'rntding agaiu and ask the tollowing qu<'\l1ons What happen, if you mix typt· A anc/ type B b/ood? (Ili, tPd blood Lclb join togcthPt 01 ·c1unip') I clumpmg goocl or /Jad? {bnd il nwnn' the blood 1s not mov111g, .1nd thP pnt1ent wouldd1e) /< ,t OK In rm" lypP O wit/1 'Yf"' /1> H0w do you know> (yc� - l>e, lll�l' I he red blood celb kl'l'P moving. lhey don'l dump) W/wt term ,s used tode „c nb1 typpO? (lh,' uniw1�<1l donor) Whot do you t/1,nk ·u111versa/' meam heff > (,t', for "VPryore, you ,·a11 ," 1v1 ,t t0 .iii li , ol11Pr blood lype. J f'efo1 �tudc>nts to the nN, 1 n th, p 111a1gmu11 p.70fu, ""'" ,nlo,11,.11,.,11,111 bi, ,od gruup, Listening 1 Bloodtypes 1-2 (i;) Play the recording through so that students can awwe, Lu questions. 0-,,.. 1 a= type A+ type B 2 type O b = type O I type A Writing Describing blood cells 1 Get studcnts to descnbc what they se< m the p1cturc� and 1dentify the types of hlood cdb 0-,,.. = platelets b - white blood cells a=' red blood cel Is 2 De111onstralP I ile mcan1ngs of cirrnlm. recta119ulw rlnd ova/ by drawinp, thf.-' �h,1pt>� on I he board Ex pia in plasma {the al most colourlcss part of blood tn which thP blood cells float). Read the dcscnpt1on aloud whlie studcnts look at the diagram. Gct students to raise their hands when they hear a m1stakc and call on individuals to correcl it 0-,,.. ł+ghl � � dark irregular <,rnaller 3 Studenls could do th1s alone or in pairs_ Circulale wh1le sludents are writing and ass1st i f necessary. Gcl some student s Io read lheir descriptions aloud white the rest of the class checks !hat il is t !ear by checking il aga inst the diagram as thcy listen_ O-W Possible answer There are many red blood cclls in the diagram There are more white blood cells than normal. The centres of some ofthese cells are irregular in shape.There cire no platelets in this drop ofblood 40 Unii 9 With weJker students, pract1s1 �.=iying th<' dates in the< nart before tl,ey�t,irl thP ,1cl1v1ty C Additional activity (ull leve/r' l ,,, thl'cornplcted 111lormat1on cha,t Io I tild a cl tss qtJl7 [l1vicl<' ..tudt·nt� 111to two t�.1ms (;1w· tlv m 1 fpw 1Prnuh• ln rP,1cl thP mformation. tlwn closr• t�1P1r book� /\sk que tmns aboul 1t, to, P>..-ir11p lf' Wł111/ did Willmm Osi lt:r 1dentify> W/1n1 welf' 1 last1L blood ba,Js dC's1u11ed? W/wt hapµened to tl1e µut,ent., ,n tli!' f,r�t b/uo.1 transftmon>Ptr Tcam�Wll'd po,ntfm 1°1, hcmrect,,n�werllwyi C Additional activity ( lronqe, \ludent·; uli A��1gn �tud,•111 to hnd 011 ,ornr otthP intorm«t1u11 vero 111 tlw jp1::okmg clk,rt. ,me! wnti ;lą,rt r�·po, tur ! IV( I t,�)11(1 Il Speakingl Read the instructions with the whole class to make sure thcy undersland whrJt to do WhilP studen!s ;ue drawingtheir p1ctures,circulate and assisl if necess,ny /\ltow students to use their dictionanes to help them with any new vocabulary Make sure students use thrir drawings. rather than the words in the Speaking section,to help them rememher their mlormat10n Listening 2 Abloodtest 1 Studenls usP dictionaries il rwcessr1ry to hPlpthern complete the text O.,.. l red blood cells 2 oxygen 3 haemoglobin 4 white blood c_eils 5 infec_tion 6 plateletc, 7 ciot 2 (;i Studrnb lL!>trn and takr notrs Chrck answrn, hy grtling students to m.ikt. cornpletc �entencrs. for Lxc1mpk Th<' pntient]<'eis t,red. rlc O.,.. i.. l tired 2 five millilitres :S She is a lilt le bit anaemic. 4 3.9 miIlion 5 She can take iron supplementc, 6 normal 7 a little high 8 norma I Language spot Zero and First Conditional Work through the notes with studeuts, getting them to read the example sentences aloud. Students do the underlmmg task w1lh the hstcnmg scnpt in pairs. Check answers with the whole class. O.,.. Zero Conditionaf I want to show you what happens ifyou m1x the wrong types of blood;Wh.1t happens ifyou g1ve type A to type B1; Now the blood stops moving if the red cells clump; ... ifthe blood stops moving, the patient dies; ...ifwe have an emergPncy, we u<,ually use type O. First Conditional lfyou add a drop oftype A,you'II see how they react together; if we put a little of blood type O into more type A, we'II see the difference. 1 Studenb do th1s indiv1dually or in pairs. Get students to read the completed :,C'ntences aloud. O.,.. 1 'li tell 2 stops 6 lake,'11 sleep 3 'li help 4 have. is 5 doesn't get. 'li die 2 CirculatP whiIP sludenls are wril111g and assisl ifnecess..iry. " kL·L'p t11L' fows on tlle topK of th.., unit ,11 f ,r wcake1 ·;t ud,·nb. gl'I ,tutlcnh tu wril!• f 1t ls only aboul bloocl. Alter11,1llvely, gLI , t .1dc11l•, wnlP only <11Joul ,,!11e, lopiL, ,0ve1,•d 111 p1c-v10... unit 3 Gd sturlPnts to shr1re I hPir scntPnces with the whole class Body bits The heart Sludenls wmk m pairs, using dictionaries if neces<;ary. rheck answt'fs with the whole class. Practisr pronunciat1on of the key word . for ex,nnple aorta c,':u';,,,atrium \·nri:,m ,pulmo11ary pu1'1110"11,,r1 venllicif' ,�·n1nl.J tricuspid t r,11 · 1-. ,spid,. etc. Thf'n gel students to rnwr the tex! and use only the diagram Io explain the workings ot the hc<lrl 42 Unit 10 Background Palliative care or hospice care, which supports dyi ng pcople and thei1 rclat1vcs but docs not lry to curc. is a rclatively new devclopmcnt in rnccticinc. ln lhc past. to conccntratc not on cunng but on rnaking a terminally iii paticnl com fortable was scen as'giving up·. Now the apprnach is Lo acccpl the dy111g proclaSs, a1 ,ci to focus on supporting pahcnt And f<1mily tornpt· with the rt'dJifo,,; of a terminal condition fiorn ciiagnos1s through treatment. death, and hercavernent An importanl aspect of palliative rarc is the allev1ation of µain, and prnctihoneis who work u1 th1sfield have dC'velopcci ways of usmg cirugs such as Morphine to rcliC'vP pain whdc at the same time maintammg a paliC'nl's full facult,es. Pall1ativc care also make!> use of ;1Jternattve treatrnents that can help w1th pain management, such as relaxalion therapy, rna�sage. and music the, apy The reality of long. clcb1litating te, mina I illncsses raises the issue of euthanasia, ,rnd tht· <.juestions are always l>eing askecl: bit a morał ad to help a suffe,i ng person end their life. or is il immoral? Should some form of Puthanasia be permitteci, or should it be regarctec\ as rnurder? The moml'nl of clt•ath has always bee n difficull lo dl'fint· because therc arf' so many arcounts of people'dy,ng' and then roming back to lite. One ctefinition of death is when !wart ,rnc\ hreathmg stop. but some meciical tra111mg rnanuals �tatc that a person Lannol be assumeci to be deaci un)p•�s 1t 1s peitectly obv1ow, for example, in the case of dccapitation, or the onset of rigo1 mortis (the harciening ot rnuscles). This means that ernergency paramedics fm example. 111ust contmue all attempts to rcsusc1late unlil death on arrival is confi1 med by a hospital doctor. When a patient dies in hospital, 11ursing staff providc post-mortem care. This is a set proccdurc which inductes makmg rccorcis and prepanng the body for rclativcs Post rnortem care vanes accord,ng to cullure and rehgion, and whether or not there is going to be an autopsy to get rnorc informalion abo ut the eause of death Scrub up !� "1h11 I\. ·meni 1ft n .łv1111dt burial<.1L rt·n,011 1 J" 1tul I lh1 �,o u ' crernation d lC'll lllOlly wł·· .. ł· I ,,,·J fu nera I a n,rernr,11y wrł•11nrd n, t111n J cl• "' t,n,1y, f: rl,llP th.1l „m, llWllV•� il r·uph(•llli<;tn ,., •'xpr... «•nn lh.it ",oftpr or I, -� dm•r I. .-1 r1 IS ,.,,.,1 In rdt'r tn <;nnll'lt,lflf; rl1ffic 11lt I ,mr"'••· l nt) u ,11„1y WISh t0 rl,,c u, ,nil r1t Llłphl·n11•.111'", 111 ,,1uh·r1t·, c1vvn "1. I HlL llcl�L'\�\ Pre teach fJuncd, cremal,on.Juneml Write a ny useful vocabulary on the board. for example qmve, cemetery. cremntorium Vocabulary Talking about dying 1 Rcc1d thf' worcls on the left aloud and get �tuclents to repeat Lhem after you, thccking for appropriat€' stress arni pronunciation 0-,.. le 2a 36 4g 5d 6h 7f 8c 2 Stucl(•11ts mmplt'l<' tht· sentcnces in rairs. Check answers by getting �l uc\en ts to read the com pleted scntences alouct. 0-,.. 1 coma 2 life-support 3 mortuary 4 passed away 6 post mortem 7 went downhill 8 Lcrmtnal 5 fata[ 3 Sturlcnts work in pa,rs or groups. lf possible, start by telhng a story yoursclf l::arh g10up then chooses one story to report back to the whole class. l 46 lJnit 11 Background Long betore lcnses rnadc 1t po�s1hl1· tu :,l'L ancl undersl;rnd rmcroscopir organisrns, di:; ,i�c wr1• 1 · xµla11 w<l in tt-'rrns of the supPrnatural Thmgs he< arne morf' ,ucntifit durmg the Middle Age� with Hv· w1cl 1•spn >cl a r P)'l:mr<' ot the Miasma theory ot discas, l'h1s Wd., tł e bC:'licl lhc1l .. rnelly gases frnm dc>raying n'att ,avt ni I > 111 ncss, ,rnd t-xplairwd the eprckn , t h:1I ll,rn°d up m the filthy. ,;tinking pia,,, inh,1brkd hy I ht· pour Wile n /\nton van Lccuwenhot'k (161" 1 /, dPvi--lPpect ITIH w rnpL·:-., he mtrodun•cl tlH· w01 lcl tu 1111cro organ1 rn� and lhl'lf rolt-' lll d1seasP, ;rnd prepared I he way fot I hr: mode1 n Germ 1heory 1 hat brougilt about rnajor changc>s to medical pract1ccs GPrrn theory b considered lhC:' smglc> most 1mportant rontribution hy ł he science of m1crob1ology to the generał weli aIP ot the wortd's people The story of how f, lorence Nightingale applied knowledge of the ex1stence of micro organisms has hecorne .111 rmhlem fot hospital prartices She clcmonstralcd how hyg1e1w rule dcctn sewers. and wnt 1laterl wards could 1.hdmdtically tPduce hosp1tal * Tip hyg1ene th, pt,l (il,, nf kt•1·plllf , 1,.,111,n riro.-, lrJ prPvt'nl 1llrw,, ,1 (I ,.,..,_ C Additional activity c t �tufh-11t� tu .te�, ni"·, .,, h 11L:111 ,11Hl I ew 1t b «�<'cl. for, Ą,1r1pl,· T/1cv·1,- m,•d 1 11 d, y111q yow /land, aftl'r y,,u ·ve wmlred tllL ni (p;i per towd ). ft' <ł /rmp w11twr1u 1l.:1thol<i 1vr1trr{buck!'ll,Ptc B1·•n1•c11Jlr Ir t!Pvr1 bł' �ornPt hmg whc>n I h,'y dnn'f know th1 ex act wor<I 1� .ł usr·f rd si " tor •,t11d1:nh lv d..,velup. Germ theory led to the developmenl ot publ1c<·anitał1on and anl1biotics. /\ntlbiotJcs kill badcria and have saved mili 1ons of live:-.. but the problem w1th them is lhal they don't k1ll ,dl bactena and the survivors rcproduce, passing on thci1 rcs1stancc Thb bccome, a cydc in wtnch ever more powcrtul anlilnot1rs have to be use<l against ever morc powcrful bacte11.1 A„ long ��go ,1s 194'>. ..,, 1enl ist, !ikt: Alt0xancler Fleming warned lhat the> rni,use of ant1b10t1r<: coulct lead lo a s1tuation in wh1ch modern rncdic11w would be unahic to treał common 1nfcct1ow diseases.Ovc·rusi ofłhcrnan<I misuse of them (aga inst viruses. for example) a long wił h their presence m the human foorl chain via meat arni fruit (pul I herc by modern agricull ural pract1ces) have led to the sprcad of bacleria which can rcsist presc>nt antibiotic:-.. These bacteria are collectively known as Metluc1llin res1stant Staphylococcus aureus (MRS/\) MRS/\ 1s a major thrcat. ll is potentially fata! an<l sprea<ls fast through hospitals. Scrub up Fxplai n or clint łhL: rnca111ng of hygzen('. .,tudf'nb rornpl<'te thf' qu12 111 p�11rs. Check answers wrth the whole class Ask if students are surprrsed by any of the answers O-W 111/1 /c V('/ ' deal hs. arni her approac:h I o hyg1c1w I orrn:. the bas1s of modern nursing. b 7 d 2 h 8 a 3 c{ltiscauscdby avirus.) 4 b 5 a 6 a Vocabulary Hygiene equipment 1 Say the worcls aloucl and gct st1rdcnts to rcpcał them aflcr you. Do the rn,:1tch1ng łask with the whole das�. O-W bin - b bucket = ( cloth = J mop= d sink = a clinical wa�te di�posal bag = f detergent= 1 disposablc gloves = h paper towcls = e soap dispcnscr = g Hygiene 47 � Additional activity (all /eve/s) Get studt>nts to think about personal hyg1erw and hygtenc around the home for ex:imple in the kitchen. b;ithroom. etL. Workmg 1n pairs or small groupi.. studc:nls prepme a Ibi of hygl!'ne gL,iddmes for wehsile tor llw P,f'llt'I I p11hli :-i ;i 2 Students com pl etc the exercise, using the1r dictionaries 1f ncccssary. Chcrk answeis by getting sludents to read the complctcrl senknccs aloud Chcck !hat sludents strcss the target vocabulary corrcctly hy wntmg the words 011 l l1e board and marking the stress, for example contam,nal wn ••••• O,.. l antirnicrobial agent 2 swab 3 pathogen, 5resistanl 6 contamination 7 disinfectant 4 susceptible 8 '>polles'> Listeningl A hygiene report 1 � Bcfore sludents listen. gc>l then1 to bramstorm the kmd of thmgs thai need to happcn on a hospital ward cvery day in order to keep 1t clea11.Then rcad the qucstions aloud and play the rccording through once Check answers with the whole class. O-W 1 The ward got a bad score. 2The sister says that the ward was inspected mid-rnorning, which is a bad time, and that they arc short staffed. 2 � Students try to complete the senlences betore they hsten again. Play the recor<ling once morc. then check answers with the whole class O-W l are not 2arc not 3 once 4 once 5more than 30 6 good 7 always � Additional activity 'w,·nkn .,t11rln,t.•,1 Wlwn �lud..-nts kwe f1nishc-J 2 • ·vtsror. y.el th, m to clo,c tlw1 r b,-"'k c•e",l thett·xt alOL,d sentc11ce by enknc1 l•,tvinga pausC' 1n the pl,1n· ol one· wc>rd · tuderL t„I1 yot1 what t IIC' m1,,i11e worcl r • �nr Pl<iHll plr I d<u·veryt h111g pm�1b/e Ir; [pau ] and cu1l10I in/l'ctro11 (prevent) lt's my job 1 Check answers 1n a whole class feedback session. Jl students have any pt>rsonal expcrience of hygiene procedures on a ward, get them to share the,c w1th the whole class. 2 �ludents rcad the lext and underlrnc the a11swers to the queslions, then cnrnp::ire lhPir :rnSWt'fS w1th a partner Check a11swers with the whole class. f'ocus atlcnt1on on the cxprcssion set o goocl Pxomple and gct :-.tudents to explai11 what they undersland by this (she hehaves in a way that othcr people can copy, 1 c. �he always follows hygiene proc-edures herself). O-W l �ister 7 hand hygiene 3 Because she controls the ward budgets. 4 By encouraging staff to think abo ut infection and by settinp, a good example. Language spot C Additional activity (weuk:c, ,tudn1t,) Studcr.b work in 111,111 f:ru,q,. ami 1 "re two lh1np,.., ll'<'Y hr/w and twe llrrng· tlr!'ydon'llwvc todotoday. willi ., short< xplaniltron. Io• t'X,IP ple/ /111w In :JO tn 1/1, /,nnA• 1 łwve no 1110111•v., , t ,/c>11·1 /iovr, rn walk finnw /'n, C)0/1111 . ,tc/1 /Iw t111u1., lt _ Talking about obligation 1 Students work in pairs. Chec-k answP,� wtlh the whole d:is!0-,.. lt 2a 3b 4d 5c. Ge Medicat1on 59 Vocabulary � Additional activity {:;I ronge, � I udenl.\} Get studcnb. for hom!'work. to rc�c;i,d, rnore typc of drug�. for l'xampk NSAllh (non �tieruid,d .mti mflar11111dtu1y dr ugs) d1urect1cs. hf't<1 hlocker�.cll" Thcy can expla,n the funrt1011 of lllbc in ll1l' ncxl cła�� � Additional activity (weake, studcnts} S0111e students may t1nd thC'1< 1· ,i k)l o t new vorabulary hen:· ro pr<'v1tk .c,1111 ron�ol1dJl1on iJlld <'Xll�l pr,111,c, """li( thr·vcw;:ibulary .1rt1v1t 11 beluv. Jłknl ' 1111 ,_;111 pldy lhl'III d g;111, w1nn111g potni kll lor,,,, .111 ,v, Tr,, hc•lk�µelhng,w11lc .u 1rnblnl versIon� ol 1111 w(1rd< 11 t I u• h,i,ml and gPI �ludcnt� 10 u11 <r:J.n1l>1< ..<•111 G1vt ,tudcnl�dd1111tu ni thc·wnn.b,Jncl er-I ll1Pm to gue� I he 111:1tcl11111� wnnl. 101 cxctrnple /111, •� a kmJ ojrr,·am lu pul o/I . Clił.\ \Olfllmenl): t/11s , ,,, tJU!G!.f<'.\ howl'! mnvement., (laxal ivc). t/11, bi/� hodr·, ia (anlibiolic) you use tfHs to rpvc ,njl'Ction, 1<ynnge). c•lr Wn te• ,on w n1 I hf' I clrgct voca l>u l.11 y ,>r1 tlw hnar<.l ,md g<'I �tu,krll, Io 11•;c 1t 111,1 Jt:nlt-11C, . lln.:y must pro/lott1ltt· the wurd umt•clly and U'i<: ,t <1ppropnal<>ly lo will ,1 pmnt • 1 \1\/rlh WP,1 k,•r �t, 10,-,nt<., p,H1'!' tf1f, rt'corrlir1g .lftcr l'dtlJ rlll'l' l>f lllfol'tll,IIIOll Io grvP -;tuJ<·rlh 1110rl lin Il' t<,WI 1k 1 h('11 ,111·,wrr�. Types and forms of medication 1 Do I h ,�asa whole class activrly O,.. 1 An antibiotic 2 An inoculation 3 /\ painkiller 4 Ar 1 ,inf 1-i11flamrn,:itory 5 /\ laxative 6 A supplemcn1 7 /\n antihistaminc 8 A stimulant 9 An antidepressant 10 A sedat1ve 2 ::,trPssed syllables are marked ::tbove. 3 O,.. Possible answers a -inoculation (used in advance to prevent the dise ase), b-a ntibiotic / anti-infla rnmatory, c- antih1staminc, d- st1mulant, e-painkiller, f- laxative, g- supplement {vitamin C), h- antihistamine 4 Check answers by getting students to say the word and the number of the rnatching piclure_ Get them to thmk about whi,h syllable is stressed_ Help lhern if necessary and gel them to pronounce the words wilh exaggcrated si l'PSS. 0-,.. Id 2b 3a 4c 5 6f 7e 8g 9h Listening Patient medication 1 <c,> Re;icl the lilble with sludents before lhey listen. Check answers by gett ing :-.I ud<-'nls tu make cnrnplele se::ntences, for ex<1mple {Mr Gupta) has {abdnminal r10,n). Ile is be,119 trealed with {a pmnk,1/n). o,.. 2 MrGupta MrGill M r Sawyer MrThomas MrCheong abdominal pain respiratory traci infection constipation skin infection allergy pai nkiller antibiotic laxative antibiotic antihislarnine (,i Chcd answers by askmg students Whal is MrCupta's rlosage? etc. They should be able to read the name ol lhe medicalion and the arnount dcarly and tluently. lf necrssilry, play the recording again so that students can hear the tcrrns in contexl O-w 1 30,4 2 600,4 315,3 4 250,6 5 10,8 Alternative treatrnents 65 Bodybits Mind and body therapies Students work in pai rs, using dictionaries if necessary. Cl 1eck answers with the whole dass by getting them to read the completed sentences aloud Check pronunciation of the treatme nts. 0-,,. homeopathy a sy�tc.:rn uf tre.lt1ng d1�t•,1w; or condit1on'> us111gvery small ,1r11ounts of the subslan(t' thal c<1uses the di',<'<l'>I.: or c ond,t 1011. /\ horncop;t! li 1nlervwws the r,aticnt In det.1: 1I tof111d out .1tJout tlie11 co11dit1on and o:11.>oul the11 life'>Lyle. personality, etc ht:>fore rlec 1d111g nn tIw trealmt'nt Thl' I r1::,:1trne11t w11l ,1tlL'mpt tu deal w1th the causc of the problem in order to cure the syn1ptorn;. conventional medicine tht:' methocb of lrliltment ot disc-a'>t' <111d 1111ury that arc Laught ,-tnd used 111 the W<-;I Dr ugs, �11rgcry, .ind a 1a11g1: of therap,es ;11c 11�•:tl. ,ind praclit1on1.:,s 111u„t havea qu,1: l1tic ,:1[1011 from d recogn,lcd mt·dic.al college. lf students 11eerl to find oul more ,:1boul ho111cop<1thy and/ or conwnt1onc1I 1necliune, �et th1s JS J homcwork task l1efo1 <' the le��o11 1 scent 2 concentrate 3 wrinkles 4 fingers 5 pressure 6 beneficial 7 contact 8 posture 9 habits 10 rnental 11 scalp 12 hair 13 Arljustrnents 14 operation 15 herbs 16 properties 17 pressure 18 practitioner Speaking 2 1 Get studl:nts to look at the picture and dcscribe wh:-it they c.:1n see Get them to tell yo11 bncfly what horncopathy ts. Whilc students are completing the table. ci reulate and assist if necessary Tr1kc whole cla�s feedback on studcnts' ideas. 2 Circulate while students a re speaking ;:ind make a note orany common rnistakes for rcrnedial leaching later. At the end of the discussion. take a class vote on whether the patient should see a doctor, a homeopath, or both. Checklist Go th rough the checklisl w1th students. Get them to tell you wtnch ::ictiv1t1es ,n tht• uni1 helped them pract1se each point. Ask students to tick the points they 1eel they can perform. Ask the class if they need more practice in any of the areas. Keywords Go through the hst of words to check students' understand,ng. Llcto, l �I udt-nls cło.', lt-ilc h or t'lic n ,oine exp1P�SiOr1� thl'y c ,11111,p 111 I hen rf"l u,,i,>n to exch<111ge 1dc•<1�.. 1gll't'.,111d tli�<1gree. fllr tc1<,rn1pl( In my Vll"W 'opi111011 I tlunk /'(/ a<jtCC w1t/1 )!Oli 011 I hol T/10I mny /.Je fwr /Jut Bul whot a/.Joul I don '/ f/11nk you t011 viy t/10/ 1·111110/ 111,cahout tJ,at I 11011'1 t hml< �•,