APA

CLIL for Cognitive Linguistics MA
seminar
References and the
APA style
Examples from 7th edition manual (2020)
dr Maciej Rosiński
[email protected]
CLIL for Cognitive Linguistics MA
seminar
Direct quotations vs. paraphrasing
When to use direct quotes?
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Definitions;
Whenever the original wording is important;
When our analysis is aimed at resolving ambiguities in the original;
When our analysis is a critique of a particular viewpoint;
When we compare different approaches towards a problem.
When you should specifically avoid direct quotes?
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When we cannot think of any other way to put it;
When the original text touches upon points irrelevant to our study.
When to paraphrase instead?
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Paraphrasing should be your default choice!
When we discuss aspects of research papers, e.g. design, methods, conclusions;
When we are able to link several studies by a common thread;
When we highlight selected aspects of an established theory;
When we provide historical context for a study, or explain more recent findings
related to an older study.
CLIL for Cognitive Linguistics MA
seminar
Direct quotations
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Be accurate, there’s only a handful of situations where you’re allowed to make
changes:
CLIL for Cognitive Linguistics MA
seminar
Providing page numbers in references
There are only a few situations in which you can safely omit page numbers for
your references:
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When you list a set of studies on a particular topic:
In recent year a number of studies have claimed that… (Smith 2019, Jones
2020, Lee 2021…)
When you describe a work as representative of a particular paradigm:
This approach is visible in Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 1999)
When you refer to the general conclusions of a short research paper (c. 10
pages).
This was conclusively shown in Cooper (2008)
Page numbers can help your readers trace your line of reasoning. While
guidelines vary on this MA students at the IES are encouraged to list page
numbers whenever possible.
When in doubt, leave them in!
CLIL for Cognitive Linguistics MA
seminar
APA Style
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The APA Manual of Style is a set of formatting and publishing guidelines
recommended by the American Psychological Association.
While it is not the only major style out there (e.g. MLA, Chicago), APA is
often recommended by linguistic journals.
The Institute of English Studies has its own set of formatting guidelines (MA
stylesheet). It’s very basic and you can adopt it, simultaneously using APA for
all references.
CLIL for Cognitive Linguistics MA
seminar
In-text citations
In APA footnotes/endnotes are quite rare. Authors rely on so-called, in-text
citations Which come in two forms:
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Parenthetical citations:
Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert
consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).
(see Koehler, 2016, for more detail)
(e.g., falsely balanced news coverage; Koehler, 2016)
(Lakoff & Johnson, 1999, p. 5) … (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999, pp. 5-30)
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Narrative citations:
Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
Rare: In 2016, Koehler noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
Lakoff and Johsnon (1999) claim that ...
CLIL for Cognitive Linguistics MA
seminar
Reference list
Evans, V. and Green, M. (2006). Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction.
Edinburgh University Press.
Radden, G. and Dirven, R. (2007). Cognitive English Grammar.
Benjamins.
Taylor, J. R. (2002). Cognitive Grammar. Oxford University Press.
CLIL for Cognitive Linguistics MA
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Reference list (Books)
Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to
social action (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000
Autor, Year, Title, Publisher, DOI/HTTP (optional)
Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and
worst. Penguin Books.
Svendsen, S., & Løber, L. (2020). The big picture/Academic writing: The
one-hour guide (3rd digital ed.). Hans Reitzel Forlag.
Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020). Nanotechnology based approaches for
tuberculosis treatment. Academic Press.
CLIL for Cognitive Linguistics MA
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Reference list (Articles)
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019).
Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent
ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of
Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217.
https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
Parenthetical citation: (Grady et al., 2019)
Narrative citation: Grady et al. (2019)
CLIL for Cognitive Linguistics MA
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Reference list (Chapters)
Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of persuasion. In M. B. Oliver,
A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory
and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.
CLIL for Cognitive Linguistics MA
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Reference list (Web resources)
Bologna, C. (2019, October 31). Why some people with anxiety love watching
horror movies. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anxiety-love-watchinghorror-movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e
Parenthetical citations: (Bologna, 2019)
CLIL for Cognitive Linguistics MA
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Thank You!