1. Characteristics and classification of living organisms turgid active site flaccid enzyme-substrate complex 7 features of living organisms water potential substrates binomial classification plasmolysis products cladistic classification active transport (uptake of ions by roots, glucose by intesines and reabsorption by tubules in kidney) factors affecting enzyme activity (temperature, pH, substrate concentration) DNA classification proteins in active transport 2. Cell structure: 7. Human nutrition cytoplasm 5. Biological molecules balanced diet cell membrane carbohydrates dietary needs nucleus lipids (fats) malnutrition genetic material (DNA) proteins starvation ribosomes polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose) constipation mitochondria coronary heart disease amino acids chloroplasts obesity fatty acids cell wall scurvy glycerol endoplasmic reticulum vitamins C and D iodine test (starch) calcium 3. Levels of organization Benedict's reaction (reducing sugars) iron cells biuret test (proteins) fibre (roughage) tissue ethanol emulsion test marasmus organ DCPIP test (vit C) ingestion organ system shape of proteins mechanical and chemical digestion magnification water properties µm, mm absorption structure of DNA assimilation double helix egestion 4. Movement in and out of cells ATGC diarrhea diffusion cholera kinetic energy 6. Enzymes factors affecting diffusion (surface area, conc. gradient, temperature and distance) catalyst osmosis reaction speed turgor complementary shape biological catalyst alimentary canal (mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum and ileum), pancreas, liver, gall bladder and large intestine (colon, rectum, anus)) types of human teeth (incisors, canines, premolars and molars) coronary heart disease (causes and treatment) structure of human teeth (enamel, dentine, pulp, nerves, cement, gums) red blood cells 10. Gas exchange in humans ventilation gas exchange vena cava respiration enamel aorta dental (tooth) decay pulmonary artery dental care pulmonary vein amylase renal artery lungs diaphragm ribs protease renal vein internal and external intercostal muscles lipase arterioles larynx gastric juice venules trachea maltose lymphatic vessels bronchi maltase platelets bronchioles pepsin blood clotting alveoli trypsin fibrinogen capillaries bile fibrin cartilage in trachea villi white blood cells exhaling and inhaling microvilli lymphocytes inspired vs expired air lacteal antibodies limewater (test for CO2) capillaries phagocytes factors affecting the depth of breathing plasma goblet cells 8. Transport in animals mucus blood vessel 9. Diseases and immunity valves pathogen single vs double circulatory system transmissible disease ciliated cells 11. Respiration mechanical and chemical barriers structure of heart (muscular wall, the septum, the left and right ventricles and atria, one-way valves - atrioventricular and semilunar- and coronary arteries) energy use in body cell response (white blood cells) respiration uses enzymes vaccination aerobic vs anaerobic respiration antigens oxygen debt arteries vs veins active vs passive immunity immune memory balanced equation of respiration (for both aerobic and anaerobic) autoimmune (i.e. type I diabtetes) lactic acid left vs right ventricle ECG factors affecting heart rate (pulse rate) ethanol fermentation 13. Excretion in humans vasodilation translocation urea (in LIVER !!!) vasoconstriction source deamination diagram of the skin (hairs, hair erector muscles, sweat glands, receptors, sensory neurones, blood vessels and fatty tissue) sink sweating nerve impulse shivering neurones carbon dioxide 17. Coordination and response kidneys filtration reabsorption central nervous system (CNS) cortex 15. Plant nutrition medulla photosynthesis ureter balanced equation bladder chlorophyll urethra factors affecting photosynthesis glomerulus limiting factors for photosynthesis tubules greenhouse (glasshouse) dialysis leaf structure (chloroplasts, cuticle, guard cells and stomata, upper and lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundles, xylem and phloem in leaves of a dicotyledonous plant) peripheral nervous system coordination and response volontary and involontary actions kidney transplant osmoregulation motor (effector) relay (connector) sensor (receptor) sensory and motor neurons reflex arc synapse neurotransmitter synaptic cleft 14. Homeostasis nitrate ions importance thermoregulation magnesium ions importance osmoregulation drugs (narcotics) sense organs phloem structure of eye (cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve and blind spot, fovea) sucrose pupil reflex xylem accomodation root hair ciliary muscles root cortex suspensory ligaments transpiration shape of lens stomata distribution of rods and cones guard cells tropic responses in plants water cohesion gravitropism water adhesion phototropism negative feedback wilting auxins diabetes factors affecting transpiration synthetic plant hormone 2,4-D hormonal regulation homeostasis hormone adrenal glands adrenaline pancreas glucagon insulin antagonism of hormones nervous vs hormonal control 16. Transport in plants 18. Drugs factors affecting germination of seeds drug gene medicinal drugs antibiotics allele XX, XY sex determination male reproductive system (testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis) bacterial resistance to antibiotics genetic information genetic code excessive alcohol consumption female reproductive system (ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina, and state the functions of these parts) addiction sperm withdrawal egg cell (ovum) how protein is made: - DNA in nucleus - mRNA copies gene - ribosome reads from mRNA - ribosome assembles proteins - specific order of amino acids is determined HIV male vs femal gamete mitosis vs meiosis heroin embryo nuclear division tobacco smoking fetus stem cells COPD umbilical cord monohybrid inheritance carbon monoxide placenta genotype nicotine breast feeding phenotype tar ante-natal care homozygous lung cancer process of labour heterozygous detoxication in liver amniotic sac dominant anabolic steroids dilation of cervix recessive testosterone (testis) pedigree estrogen (ovaries) Punnett square progesteron (corpus luteum, placenta) co-dominance gametes zygote menstrual cycle fertilisation birth control (natural, chemical, barrier, surgical) MRSA 19. Reproduction sexual vs asexual reproduction blood types sex-linked genes colour blindness haploid artificial insemination 21. Variation and selection diploid artificial fertilization flower structure (sepals, petals, stamens, filaments and anthers, carpels, style, stigma, ovary and ovules) pollination (insect vs wind) variation sexually transmitted infections phenotypic vs genotypic variation HIV AIDS pollen continuous vs discontinuous variation mutation 20. Inheritance pollen tube iodizing radiation chromosome self-pollination vs crosspollination DNA structure sickle cell anemia (association to malaria) adaptive feature combustion large scale monocultures fitness fossilisation intensive livestock production hydrophytes fossil fuels habitat destruction xerophytes deforestation natural selection water cycle (evaporation, transpiration, condensation and precipitation) competition nitrogen cycle eutrophication of water selective breeding ammonia greenhouse effect evolution nitrification climate changes process of adaptation nitrogen fixation acid rain artificial selection nitrate ions susteinable resources deamination sustainable development denitrification renewable vs non-renewable resources 20. Biotechnology and genetic engineering extinction of species genus population biotechnology factors affecting population size (growth) genetic engineering 22. Organisms and environment sources of pollution species endangered species use of bacteria lag, exponential (log), stationary and death phases in the sigmoid population growth curve plasmids ethanol production and biofuels community bread making ecosystem juice production (pectinase) source of energy in ecosystem biological washing powders energy flow lactose-free milk food chain Penicillum trophic level penicillin food web production of insulin producers GMO consumers decomposers 21. Human influences on ecosystems carnivores food supply herbivores chemical fertilizers pyramid of biomass and numbers insectides nutrient cycles herbicides carbon cycle reasons for conservation programs
